The Uneven Amastra Snail was described in 1917; it is known from (sub)fossil remains that had been recovered from Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene deposits near Ka’ūpūlehu, in Kona, Hawai’i.
The shells reached average sizes of 1,1 to 1,3 cm in height.
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References:
[1] C. Montague Cooke: Some new species of Amastra. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 3(3): 1-34. 1917
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Photo from: ‘C. Montague Cooke: Some new species of Amastra. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 3(3): 1-34. 1917’
hopue by the native Hawaiians, was already nearly extinct when it was discovered by European ornithologists.
The species originally inhabited dry lowland forests that were dominated by the endemic koa acacias (Acacia koa A. Gray) whose seed pods and seeds apparently were its main food source, it furthermore fed on the seeds of the native ‘a’ali’i (Dodonaea viscosa Jacq.) and caterpillars. Most of the lowland forests had already been destroyed by the Hawaiian natives long before the first European settlers arrived, and the finches were restricted to the small remains in the northern Kona District in the western part of Hawai’i.
***
When alive, Greater Koa Finch was by far the largest of the Hawaiian endemic drepanidine finches; it reached a size of 23 cm; the males had bright scarlet-orange heads and breasts, while the females were more or less completely plain green colored.
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References:
[1] H. Douglas Pratt: The Hawaiian Honeycreepers: Drepanidinae. Oxford Univ. Pr. 2005
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Depiction from: ‘W. Rothschild: The Avifauna of Laysan and the neighbouring islands with a complete history to date of the birds of the Hawaiian possession. 1893-1900’
The Southern Yellowish Amastra Snail is a form of the Yellowish Amastra Snail (Amastra flavescens(Newcomb)), from the far south of the island of Hawai’i, it was found on an ancient aa (lava) flow at the foothills of the Mauna Lao volcano in the Ka’u District.
This form differs from the nominate race by its more convex whorls of which the last one is rounded peripherally. [1]
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References:
[1] George W. Tryon; Henry A. Pilsbry; a.o.: Manual of Conchology. Second series: Pulmonata. Vol. 23: Appendix to Amastridae. Tornatellinidae. Index, vols. XXI-XXIII. 1915-1916
The Lesser Koa Finch was already almost extinct when it was discovered by European ornithologists in 1892; it was only found only once, in its type locality, a place called Pu’u Lehua in the lowlands of the northern Kona District almost in the middle of the western coast of Hawai’i.
It was found in mixed flocks with Greater Koa-Finches (Rhodacanthis palmeri Rothschild) feeding on the seeds of koa acacias (Acacia koa A. Gray), eight specimens were taken back than by bird collectors, which did not recognize that they were dealing with two distinct species at that time. [1]
***
The species reached a size of about 19 cm; males had bright yellow heads and bellies, while females were nearly completely green colored. [1]
***
The Lesser Koa-Finch was never found again since so was probably extinct already shortly after. [1]
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References:
[1] H. Douglas Pratt: The Hawaiian Honeycreepers: Drepanidinae. Oxford Univ. Pr. 2005
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Depiction from: ‘W. Rothschild: The Avifauna of Laysan and the neighbouring islands with a complete history to date of the birds of the Hawaiian possession. 1893-1900’
Hawaiian tradition tells us of a large cricket-like insect, called ‘uhini pa’awela, that lived in the Ka’u District of the island of Hawai’i, and which was a favorite food among the natives until the late 1800s – a few of these animals roasted on a skewer provided a full meal.
There are no surviving specimens of that species, and it is speculated that it was a large cricket, perhaps a Banza or Thaumatogryllus sp.. [1]
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References:
[1] F. G. Howarth; W. P. Mull: Hawaiian Insects and their kin. University of Hawaii Press 1992
The Blackish Sap Beetle was described in 1908; it was found on the Haleakala region on the island of Maui in the Hawaiian Islands, but is also known to have occurred on the islands of Hawai’i and Moloka’i too.
The species reached a length of about 0,45 to 0,56 cm; it was dark, nearly black in color with some brick red areas on the elytra that were limited to the elytra’s bases, the antennae and legs were red to dark brown in color. [1]
***
Like all members of its group, this species lived under the bark of decaying koa trees (Acacia koa A. Gray), a habitat that now has been overtaken by introduced terrestrial isopods, leading to the extinction of this, and many other endemic invertebrate species. [1]
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References:
[1] Curtis Ewing: Revision of the endemic Hawaiian sap beetle genus Apetasimus Sharp 1908 (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae). Zootaxa 1385: 1-30. 2006
This species was described in 1908, it was endemic to the Kohala Volcano in the northern part of Hawai’i, Hawaiian Islands.
The shells were very distinct, they were covered with transverse striae that were strongly developed, with cuticular margins which could very easily be broken, they reached sizes of about 0,26 cm in length.
***
According to a study from 2018, sadly all Hawaiian species of the genus Lyropupa are now extinct. [2]
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References:
[1] C. Montague Cooke Jr.: A new species of Lyropupa. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 3(2): 211-212. 1908 [2] Norine W. Yeung; Kenneth A. Hayes: Biodiversity and extinction of Hawaiian land snails: how many are left now and what must we do to conserve them – a reply to. Integrative and Comparative Biology 58(6): 1157-1169. 2018
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Depiction from: ‘C. Montague Cooke Jr.: A new species of Lyropupa. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 3(2): 211-212. 1908’
The Dirty Sap Beetle was described in 1881; it was restricted to the slopes of the Mauna Loa on the island of Hawai’i, Hawaiian Islands.
The species reaches a length of about 0,46 to 0,55 cm; it was dark brown to black, with the elytra having brick red markings. [1]
***
Like all members of its group, this species lived under the bark of decaying koa trees (Acacia koa A. Gray), a habitat that now has been overtaken by introduced terrestrial isopods, leading to the extinction of this, and many other endemic invertebrate species. [1]
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References:
[1] Curtis Ewing: Revision of the endemic Hawaiian sap beetle genus Apetasimus Sharp 1908 (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae). Zootaxa 1385: 1-30. 2006
This species was described in 2003 based on a single (?) specimen, a male that had been collected sometimes in the early 20th century at an not further specified locality on the Kilauea volcano on the island of Hawai’i.
The species is known to have nested in the burrows left behind by the larvae of beetles from the genus Halcobius in the stems of kolea (Myrsine spp.).
The species differs from nearly all others by its red metasoma (the posterior part of the body), which it shares only with the Paradox Masked Bee (Hylaeus paradoxus (Schrottky)), and by its somewhat u-shaped facial markings. [1]
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References:
[1] Howell V. Daly; Elwood Curtin Zimmerman; Karl N. Magnacca: ‘Insects of Hawaii; Volume 17; Hawaiian Hylaeus (Nesoprosopis) Bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). 2003
The Speckled Sap Beetle was described in 1881; it was apparently found near the city of Honolulu on the island of O’ahu, Hawaiian Islands, but is otherwise also known to have occurred on the island of Hawai’i.
The species reached a length of about 0,52 to 0,61 cm; it was brick red to nearly blackish, with some pale yellow to orange-red markings. [1]
***
The Speckled Sap Beetle was living subcortical in the wood of decaying koa trees (Acacia koa A. Gray); this microhabitat was severely disrupted on all of the Hawaiian main islands by the introduction of terrestrial isopods, leading to the disappearance of nearly all invertebrates that shared the same modus vivendi. [1]
*********************
References:
[1] Curtis Ewing: Revision of the endemic Hawaiian sap beetle genus Apetasimus Sharp 1908 (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae). Zootaxa 1385: 1-30. 2006
This species (currently being described by Nick Porch) is known from subfossil material that was recovered from samplings from the island of Hawai’i, Hawaiian Islands.
The Ula Ai Hawane was described in 1879, the species is historically known for certain only from the island of Hawai’i, however, it is possible that two of the five existing specimens were collected on the island of Moloka’i (these two are of a supposed female and a likewise supposed immature male (see depiction below)). [2]
The species reached a size of about 11 to 12 cm; the males had a light grey head and neck, a black breast and a bright red rump, the wings were black and red as well, with the outer webs of the tertials white; the females were olive green and brown in color. [4]
Since the only two specimens that possibly come from Moloka’i differ from the other three, they might as well be interpreted as a distinct subspecies.
***
The Hawaiian name ʻula-ʻai-hāwane means “red eating hawane”, hawane are the fruits of the endemic lo’ulu palms (Pritchardia spp.). The birds were only ever found near the lo’ulu palms and are thought to have fed on their flowers and fruits or perhaps on insects hiding in the leaf axilles. [3]
***
Subfossil remains found on Moloka’i were also assigned to this species, however, it is definitely possible that the Moloka’ian birds differed from the Hawaiians at the subspecies level. [1]
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References:
[1] S. L. Olson; H. F. James: Descriptions of thirty-two new species of birds from the Hawaiian Islands: Part II. Passeriformes. Ornithological Monographs 45: 1-91. 1991 [2] Storrs L. Olson: William T. Brigham’s Hawaiian birds and a possible historical record of Ciridops anna (Aves: Drepanidini) from Molokai. Pacific Scenice 46(4): 495-500. 1992 [3] H. D. Pratt: The Hawaiian Honeycreepers: Drepanidinae. Oxford University Press 2005 [4] Storrs L. Olson: History, structure, evolution, behaviour, distribution, and ecology of the extinct Hawaiian genus Ciridops (Fringillidae, Carduelini, Drepanidini). The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 124(4): 651-674. 2012
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Depiction from: ‘Scott B. Wilson; A. H. Wilson; Frederick William Frohawk; Hans Gadow: Aves Hawaiienses: the birds of the Sandwich Islands. London: R. H. Porter 1890-1899’
Giffard’s Leaf-roller was described in 1921, the species was restricted to the slopes of the Kilauea volcano on the island of Hawai’i, Hawaiian Islands.
The species reached a wingspan of about 2,5 cm.
The caterpillars fed on the native grass Ohe (Isachne distichophylla Munro ex Hillebr.). [1]
*********************
References:
[1] Elwood C. Zimmerman: Insects of Hawaii 8; Lepidoptera: Pyralidae. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu 1958
The Pagoda-shaped Amastra Snail was described in 1917; it is known only from (sub)fossil remains that were recovered from late Pleistocene/early Holocene deposits at Pu’u Wa’awa’a, an ancient cinder cone in Kona on the island of Hawai’i.
The shells reached average sizes of 0,8 to about 1 cm in height.
*********************
References:
[1] C. Montague Cooke: Some new species of Amastra. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 3(3): 1-34. 1917
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Photo from: ‘C. Montague Cooke: Some new species of Amastra. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 3(3): 1-34. 1917’
The Hawaiian Sphinx Moth was originally thought to be a subspecies of the Maui-nui Sphinx Moth (Hyles calida (Butler)) which itself occurs on the islands of Lana’i, Maui, Moloka’i and O’ahu; the population of the island of Kaua’i is now known to constitute another, not yet described, distinct species. [1]
The moth reaches a wingspan of slightly over 6 cm, males and females are superficially identical.
The larvae of these genus were thought to be quite polyphagous, however, it is now known that they feed exclusively on the endemic members of the Coffee family (Rubiaceae) including Bobea spp., Coprosma spp., Gardenia spp., Kadua spp., and Psychotria spp..
***
The Hawaiian Sphinx Moth has not been recorded in recent years and is now believed to be extinct.
*********************
References:
[1] Elwood C. Zimmerman: Insects of Hawaii 7; Macrlepidoptera. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu 1958 [2] Daniel Rubinoff; Michael San Jose; Anna K. Hundsdoerfer: Cryptic diversity in a vagile Hawaiian moth group suggests cmplex factors drive diversification. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 152. 2020
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female
Photo: The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London
The Hamakua Cookeconcha Snail was described in 1904, originally as a ‘variety’ of another species, the Mountain Cookeconcha Snail (Cookeconcha hystricella (Pfeiffer)) from the island of O’ahu, one of probably only three species of this genus still surviving.
However, this species originates from the biggest of the Hawaiian Islands, Hawai’i itself, were it apparently inhabited the forest floor of the rainforest at the slopes of Mauna Kea. [1]
*********************
References:
[1] Alan Solem: Endodontoid land snails from Pacific Islands (Mollusca: Pulmonata: Sigmurethra). Part I, Family Endodontidae. Field Museum of Natural History Chicago, Illinois 1976
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Depiction from: ‘C. F. Ancey: Report on semi-fossil land shells found in the Hamakua District, Hawaii. The Journal of Malacology 11: 65-74. 1904’
The Giant Nene was already described in 1943, its remains were found in 1926 at a depth of 25 m under a lava flow near a place named Kaumaike’ohu in the Ka’u District on the island of Hawai’i; it was actually the first fossil bird described from the Hawaiian Islands.
This form has widely been synonymized with a very large goose, that is known from subfossil remains also found on Hawai’i Island.
The Giant Nene was the largest member of the large Hawaiian goose radiation, it was more than twice the size of the still living Nene (Branta sandvicensis (Vigors)).
*********************
References:
[1] S. L. Olson; H. F. James: Descriptions of thirty-two new species of birds from the Hawaiian Islands: Part I. Non-Passeriformes. Ornithological Monographs 45: 1-91. 1991
The Yellowish Amastra Snail is, or rather was, endemic to the island of Hawai’, Hawaiian Islands, it is believed to have been quite widespread with several populations occurring in nearly all forested areas of the island. [1]
The shells reached sizes of about 1,5 to 1,6 cm in heigth.
*********************
References:
[1] George W. Tryon; Henry A. Pilsbry; a.o.: Manual of Conchology. Second series: Pulmonata. Vol. 23: Appendix to Amastridae. Tornatellinidae. Index, vols. XXI-XXIII. 1915-1916
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Depiction from: ‘George W. Tryon; Henry A. Pilsbry; a.o.: Manual of Conchology. Second series: Pulmonata. Vol. 23: Appendix to Amastridae. Tornatellinidae. Index, vols. XXI-XXIII. 1915-1916’
The Robust Amastra Snail was described in 1917; it was found in the forests on the mountain slopes along the western coast of Hawai’i Island.
“A. viriosa is unlike any species so far reported from Hawaii. Its nearest relative is probably the extinct A. senilis from Waimea. The latter is a larger species, much more roughly sculptured and has a larger perforation, besides being much broader in proportion to its length.” [1]
The shells reached average sizes of about 2 cm in height.
The species was found alive but was apparently already on the brink of extinction at that time.
*********************
References:
[1] C. Montague Cooke: Some new species of Amastra. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 3(3): 1-34. 1917
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Photo from: ‘C. Montague Cooke: Some new species of Amastra. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 3(3): 1-34. 1917’
The Conical Amastra Snail was described 1906, it was endemic to the Hamakua Distict in the northern part of Hawai’i, Hawaiian Islands.
***
“Shell fossil, dextral, minutely perforated, thin, elongately conical, apex acute; surface sculptured with fine growth-lines, apical whorls raidiately sulcated. Color of living shell unknown.” [1]
This species apparently disappeared already at the beginning of the Holocene era.
*********************
References:
[1] George W. Tryon; Henry A. Pilsbry; a.o.: Manual of Conchology. Second series: Pulmonata. Vol 21: Achatinellidae (Amastrinae). 1911
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Depiction from: ‘George W. Tryon; Henry A. Pilsbry; a.o.: Manual of Conchology. Second series: Pulmonata. Vol 21: Achatinellidae (Amastrinae). 1911′
This form is known from several subfossil remains that had been recovered from a site at Mauna Kea on the island of Hawai’i, Hawaiian Islands, at an elevation of 1450.
The Small Hawaii Crake falls within the size range of the Hawaiian Crake (Zapornia sandwichensis (Gmelin)) and may in fact turn out to be identical with that species. [1]
*********************
References:
[1] Storrs L. Olson & Helen F. James: Descriptions of thirty-two new species of birds from the Hawaiian Islands: Part I. Non-Passeriformes. In: Ornithological Monographs 45. 1991
The Simple Leptachatina Snail was described in 1869, it was endemic to the island of Hawai’i, Hawaiian Islands, where it was found in the Kona district and in the Waimea region at elevations of 915 to about 1220 m.
The shells reached a height of only about 0,8 cm.
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Depiction from: ‘George W. Tryon; Henry A. Pilsbry; a.o.: Manual of Conchology. Second series: Pulmonata. Vol 21: Achatinellidae (Amastrinae). 1911’
The Obscure Masked Bee is known from the islands of Hawai’i, Lana’i, and Moloka’i, Hawaiian Islands, where it apparently inhabited coastal areas and dry lowland regions.
The species has not been found in recent years and might indeed be extinct. [1]
*********************
References:
[1] Howell V. Daly; Elwood Curtin Zimmerman; Karl N. Magnacca: ‘Insects of Hawaii; Volume 17; Hawaiian Hylaeus (Nesoprosopis) Bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). 2003
The Olaa Banana Leaf-roller was described in 1899, the species was found in the Ola’a rainforest on the island of Hawai’i, Hawaiian Islands
The moth reached a wingspan of about 2,5 cm.
The larvae were exclusively found on the leaves of banana plants, which however are not native to the Hawaiian Islands but were introduced to the islands only by the first Polynesian settlers. That means on the one hand, that the native larval host plant/plants is/are unknown, and on the other hand, that this species was able to adapt to new species of host plants.
It is possible that this moth species is not extinct, as it was thought for a long time. [1][2]
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References:
[1] Elwood C. Zimmerman: Insects of Hawaii 8; Lepidoptera: Pyralidae. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu 1958 [2] William P. Haines; Jon Giffin; David Foote: Rediscovery of five species of Omiodes Guenée (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) on Hawai’i Island. Bishop Occasional Papers 79: 45-49. 2003
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Depiction from: ‘Fauna Hawaiiensis; being the land-fauna of the Hawaiian islands. by various authors, 1899-1913. Cambridge [Eng.]: The University Press 1913’
The Thin-ribbed Leptachatina Snail was described in 1869, the species is apparently known exclusively from [sub]fossil shells that had been recovered from a deposit on the island of Hawai’i, Hawaiian Islands.
The shells reached an average height of about 0,8 cm
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Depiction from: ‘George W. Tryon; Henry A. Pilsbry; a.o.: Manual of Conchology. Second series: Pulmonata. Vol 21: Achatinellidae (Amastrinae). 1911’
The so called Greater Amakihi, which is also known as Green Solitaire, was endemic to the island of Hawai’i, and was already restricted to a tiny area in the coastal rain forest of the Hamakua District in northeastern Hawai’i, when it was first discovered in 1892.
The bird reached a size of about 17 cm, both sexes were mainly bright olive-green, with narrow black lores, the black beak was long, nearly straight, and sharp-pointed, the bases of the mandibles were light blue.
Its food consisted mostly of insects, which the bird found while probing into bark crevices and leaf axils. [1]
***
Even though the Greater Amakihi superficially resembles the Amakihi (Hemignathus virens (Gmelin)), both species are/were not closely related, the Greater Amakihi does not belong in the genus Hemignathus but is more closely related to the extinct genus Aidemedia. [1]
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References:
[1] H. Douglas Pratt: The Hawaiian Honeycreepers: Drepanidinae. Oxford Univ. Pr. 2005
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Depiction from: ‘W. Rothschild: The Avifauna of Laysan and the neighbouring islands with a complete history to date of the birds of the Hawaiian possession. 1893-1900’
The Kona Grosbeak was discovered at the end of the 19th century, at that time it was restricted to a tiny, only about 10 km² large area in the north of the Kona district on the island of Hawai’i.
This rather plump and inconspicuous looking bird fed almost exclusively on the dried seeds of the Naio tree (Myoporum sandwicense (A. Gray)), and could often be located by the cracking sound of its feeding.
R. C. L. Perkins was one of the few people, that saw the bird in life, he wrote about it in the year 1893.:
“The Palila (Chloridops kona), though an interesting bird on account of its peculiar structure, is a singularly uninteresting one in its habits. It is a dull, sluggish, solitary bird, and very silent – its whole existence may be summed up in the words “to eat.” Its food consists of the seeds of the fruit of the aaka (bastard sandal-tree [Myoporum sandwicense (A. Gray)],and probably in other seasons of those of the sandal-wood tree), and as these are very minute, its whole time seems to be taken up in cracking the extremely hard shells of this fruit, for which its extraordinarily powerful beak and heavy head have been developed. I think there must have been hundreds of the small white kernels in those that I examined. The incessant cracking of the fruits when one of these birds is feeding, the noise of which can be heard for a considerable distance, renders the bird much easier to see than it otherwise would be. … I never heard it sing (once mistook the young Rhodacanthis’ song for that of Chloridops), but my boy informed me that he had heard it once, and its song was not like that of Rhodacanthis. Only once did I see it display any real activity, when a male and female were in active pursuit of one another amongst the sandal-trees. Its beak is nearly always very dirty, with a brown substance adherent to it, which must be derived from the sandal-tree.”
Note, that the name Palila is actually the Hawaiian vernacular name for another drepanidine bird species – Loxioides bailleui (Oustalet). The last living Kona Grosbeaks were seen in the year 1894.
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References:
[1] R. C. L. Perkins: Notes on Collecting in Kona. The Ibis 6(5): 101-111. 1893 [2] D. Luther: Die ausgestorbenen Vögel der Welt. Westarp Wissenschaften 1986 [3] H. D. Pratt; P. L. Bruner; D. G. Berrett: A Field Guide to the Birds of Hawaii and the Tropical Pacific. Princeton University Press 1987 [4] E. Fuller: Extinct Birds. Penguin Books (England) 1987 [5] H. D. Pratt: The Hawaiian Honeycreepers: Drepanidinae. Oxford Univ. Pr. 2005
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Depiction from: ‘W. Rothschild: The Avifauna of Laysan and the neighbouring islands with a complete history to date of the birds of the Hawaiian possession. 1893-1900’
This species is the smallest member of its genus on the Hawai’i Islands and is known only on the basis of the type material, a single pair.
The species reached a wingspan of about 2,6 cm.
The host plant of its larvae is unknown.
The Kilauea Cutworm was scientifically described in the year 1899 and was, according to eyewitnesses, still commonly found on the hills of the Kilauea volcano in the year 1913, where the moths were seen flying in the morning sunshine over low vegetation. [1]
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References:
[1] E. C. Zimmerman: Insects of Hawaii 7, Macrolepidoptera. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu 1958
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Photo from: ‘Matthew J. Medeiros; Jessica Kirkpatrick; Christine H. Elliott; Andersonn Prestes; Jesse Eiben; Daniel Rubinoff: Two new day-flying species of Agrotis Ochsenheimer (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from the alpine summit of Maunakea Volcano. Zootaxa 4545(2): 277-285. 2019’
The Poko Cutworm, so named for its native name Poko, was one of the moth species, that in the time after the arrival of European settlers on the Hawai’i Islands were able to adapt quite well to the new set of circumstances.
The species reached a wingspan of about 4,9 cm.
The natural host plants of the caterpillars were several native species of Ihi (Portulaca spp.) as well as ‘Ilima (Sida fallax Walp.), but in the meantime they also adapted themselves to introduced plant species and fed on the leaves of thorn-apple plants (Datura spp.) and sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum L.). Furthermore they fed on several garden plants, especially of the legume family, e.g. beans, and therefore may not have been very welcome to gardens.
In 1899, Hugo H. Schauinsland wrote the following notes about his observations of this species on the island of Laysan.:
“Of the insects I found on Laysan, only the following … Spaelotis crinigera Butl.; the latter occurred in astonishingly hugh numbers. Its “grublike caterpillar” lives under ground on the roots of Eragrostis.” [2]
***
Even though the Poko Cutworm was distributed all over the Hawaiian main islands, it belongs to the extirpated species now, whereas the reasons for this seem still to be unknown up to date.
The species was last seen in 1926.
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References:
[1] E. C. Zimmerman: Insects of Hawaii 7, Macrolepidoptera. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu 1958 [2] Hugo H. Schauinsland: Three months on a coral island (Laysan); translated by Miklos D. F. Udvardy. Atoll Research Bulletin 432. 1996
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Depiction from: ‘George F. Hampson: Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the British Museum. London: Printed by Order of the Trustees 1898-1919’
This species was described in 1904, it was found in the lowland rainforest around the Akaka falls near the northeastern coast of Hawai’i, Hawaiian Islands.
Meyrick’s Leaf-roller was one of several Hawaiian endemic leaf-roller species that were able to adapt to non-native host plants that had been brought by the first Polynesian settlers, its larvae fed on banana leafes. It is thus somewhat strange, at first glance, that these apparently quite adabtable moths disappeared during the early 20th century, but let’s just take a second look …:
In the late 19th, the early 20th century, and unfortunately up to this day, the Hawaiian Islands were and are merely considered by the American- and European settlers as some kind of tropical growing field for the production of cheap beef, coffee, pineapples etc.. The settlers not only brought new plants to the islands, they also unintentionally imported a lot of pest insects that spread all over the islands, thus it was thought to be the best to bring their natural enemies to the islands as well. However, some of them, like the two wasp species Cremastus flavoorbitalis (Cameron) and Trichogramma minutum Riley are anything but specialized to a single host, these two were alos found to parasitize the eggs of endemic moth species, including Meyrick’s Leaf-roller. [1]
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References:
[1] Elwood C. Zimmerman: Insects of Hawaii 8; Lepidoptera: Pyralidae. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu 1958
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Depiction from: ‘Otto H. Swezey: The sugar cane leaf-roller (Omiodes accepta): with an account of allied species and natural enemies. Report of work of the Experiment Station of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association. Entomological series. Bulletin 5: 1-60. 1907′
The genus Scotorythra is restricted in its distribution to the islands of the Hawaiian Archipelago and contains about 38 species.
***
The Kona Giant Looper Moth was described in 1899, it is apparently known exclusively from female specimens.
The species was found in the Ola’a forest on the slopes of the Kilauea volcano in the southeastern part of Big Island, but also in the Kona district in the western part of the island.
The Kona Giant Looper Moth reached a wingspan of about 7,2 to 8,7 cm and was thus one of the largest lepidopteran species on the Hawaiian Islands. [1]
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References:
[1] E. C. Zimmerman: Insects of Hawaii 7, Macrolepidoptera. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu 1958
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Depiction from ‘Fauna Hawaiiensis; being the land-fauna of the Hawaiian Islands. by various authors, 1899-1913. Cambridge [Eng.]: The University Press 1913’
The Lesser Hawaii Akialoa, so named for the fact that there was yet another closely related, but not yet described species occurred sympatrically on the island of Hawai’i, reached a size of about 17 cm, it was mainly olive-green, the sexes were quite similar. The bird had a somewhat elongated and down-curved beak.
The bird inhabited probably all sorts of native forest, and used its beak to probe the bark of the trees for hidden insects and spiders, but sometimes took nectar from flowers, especially from the ‘ohia lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha Gaudich.).
The clutch consisted, as in most ‘drepanidid birds’, of just one or two eggs. Thus, the reproduction rate was very low and the birds were incapable to compensate larger losses which happened after the introduction of cats and rats to the Hawai’i Islands. The reasons for the extinction of this wonderful bird are the same as for all extinct ‘drepanidine‘ finches: habitat loss, alteration of the remaining habitat, introduction of cats and rats, introduction of deadly bird diseases, and – last but not least – the incredible incompetence of the Hawaiian government to save their unique wildlife!
***
The Lesser Hawaii Akialoa is mentioned for the first time by Captain James Cook in 1979 in a text passage that gives an overview of the birdlife (also described for the first time) the crew of his ships met with on the island of Hawaii.:
“The birds of these islands are as beautiful as any we have seen during the voyage, and are numerous, though not various. There are four, which seem to belong to the trochili, or honey-suckers of Linnaeus; one of which is something larger than a bullfinch; its colour is a fine glossy black, the rump-vent and thighs a deep yellow. It is called by the natives hoohoo [Drepanis pacifica].Another is of an exceeding bright scarlet colour; the wings black, and edged with white; and the tail black; its native name is eeeeve [Drepanis coccinea].A third, which seems to be eighter a young bird, or a variety of the foregoing, is variegated with red, brown, and yellow. The fourth is entirely green, with a tinge of yellow, and is called akaiearooa [Hemignathusobscura].There is a species of thrush, with a grey breast [Myadestes obscurus];and a small bird of the flycatcher kind [Chasiempis sandwichensis];a rail, with very short wings and no tail, which, on that account, we named rallus ecaudatus [Zaporniasandwichensis].Ravens are found here, but they are very scarce; their colour is dark brown, inclining to black; and their note is different from the European [Corvushawaiiensis].Here are to small birds, both of one genus, that are very common; one is red, and generally seen about the cocoa-nut trees, particularly when they are in flower, from whence it seems to derive great part of its subsistence [Himatione sanguinea];the other is green [Hemignathus virens (?)];the tongues of both are long and ciliated, or fringed at the tip. A bird with a yellow head, which, from the structure of its beak, we called a parroquet, is likewise very common. It, however, by no means belongs to that tribe, but greatly resembles the lexia flavicans, or yellowish cross-bill of Linnaeus [Psittirostra psittacea].Here are also owls [Asio flammeus ssp. sandwichensis], plovers of two sorts, one very like the whistling plover of Europe; a large white pigeon [?];a bird with a long tail, whose colour is black, the vent and feathers under the wing (which is much longer than is usually seen in the generality of birds, except the birds of paradise) are yellow [Moho nobilis]; and the common water or darker hen [Fulica alai].” [1]
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References:
[1] The three voyages of Captain James Cook round the world. Complete in seven volumes. London: printed for Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, Paternoster Row 1821 [2] R. C. L. Perkins: Notes on Collecting in Kona. The Ibis 6(5): 101-111. 1893 [3] D. Luther: Die ausgestorbenen Vögel der Welt. Westarp Wissenschaften 1986 [4] H. D. Pratt; P. L. Bruner; D. G. Berrett: A Field Guide to the Birds of Hawaii and the Tropical Pacific. Princeton University Press 1987 [5] E. Fuller: Extinct Birds. Penguin Books (England) 1987 [6] H. D. Pratt: The Hawaiian Honeycreepers: Drepanidinae. Oxford Univ. Pr. 2005
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Depiction from: ‘W. Rothschild: The Avifauna of Laysan and the neighbouring islands with a complete history to date of the birds of the Hawaiian possession. 1893-1900’
White’s Amastra Snail was described in 1917; it was found near the western coast of Hawai’i, Hawaiian Islands.
The shells reach average sizes of 1,2 cm in height.
“At first sight this Amastra appears to be a form of A. conica. It differs, however, from A. conica and its varieties … in its thicker shell, closed perforation, besides the embryonic whorls are slightly more convex and the apex less pointed. Some of the specimens are more distinctly keeled at the periphery than the holotype. It is, however, in the immature specimens that the differences are more apparent. The shells are broader in proportion to their length and there is a strong distinct keel at the periphery.” [1]
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References:
[1] C. Montague Cooke: Some new species of Amastra. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 3(3): 1-34. 1917
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Photo from: ‘C. Montague Cooke: Some new species of Amastra. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 3(3): 1-34. 1917’
The Red Hawaiian Damselfly was described in 1899, it is or rather was endemic to Hawai’i, Hawaiian Islands.
The biology of this species appears to be completely unknown, it is considered extinct.
The Red Hawaiian Damselfly was formerly synonymized with another species from the island of Maui, The Black Maui Damselfly (Megalagrion dinesiotes Kennedy), a species that was thought to be extinct for some time but which was rediscovered. [1][2]
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References:
[1] Elwood C. Zimmerman: Insects of Hawaii 2; Apterygota to Thysanoptera. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu 1948 [2] Jerrell J. Daigle: The distribution of the Odonata of Hawaii. Bulletin of American Odonatology 6(1): 1-5. 2000
Thwing’s Cookeconcha Snail inhabited an extinct crater at the Kona coast of Hawai’i, Hawaiian Islands.
The shells reached a size of 0,21 to 0,25 cm in diameter. [1]
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References:
[1] Alan Solem: Endodontoid land snails from Pacific Islands (Mollusca: Pulmonata: Sigmurethra). Part I, Family Endodontidae. Field Museum of Natural History Chicago, Illinois 1976
The Simple Masked Bee is or rather was endemic to the island of Hawai’i, Hawaiian Islands, where it was found in all kind of habitats from near the shore to the wet mountain forests, it was found abundantly from the 1890s to the early 21th century but has not found since and is thought to be most likely extinct.
The species, which had a wingspan of 4,4 cm, is known from the islands of Hawai’i, Moloka’i, and O’ahu, Hawaiian Islands, but certainly inhabited the islands of Kaua’i and Maui too.
The caterpillars fed on ‘Ulei (Osteomeles anthyllidifolia (Sm.) Lindl.), a plant species that actually is still very common, even today. [1]
***
The Fox-colored Owlet Moth is considered probably extinct since the last records took place sometimes before 1960 [?].
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References:
[1] Elwood C. Zimmerman: Insects of Hawaii 7, Macrolepidoptera. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu 1958
Fullaway’s Leaf-roller was described in 1919, the species was apparently restricted to the Kona District on the western coast of Hawai’i, Hawaiian Islands.
The moth reached a wingspan of about 3 cm.
The larvae were known to feed on banana leaves. [1]
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References:
[1] Elwood C. Zimmerman: Insects of Hawaii 8; Lepidoptera: Pyralidae. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu 1958
This species, which up to day has neither been described nor named, is known from well-preserved subfossil remains of four birds, which were uncovered in 1992 from the Umi’i Manu Cave on the Pu’u Wa’awa’a Ranch in the northwest of the island of Hawai’i. [1]
The Greater Hawaii Akialoa was larger than the better known Lesser Hawaii Akialoa (Hemignathus obscurus (Gmelin)), and furthermore had a much longer beak, and thus was more like the other akialoa forms from the islands of Kaua’i, Lana’i, and O’ahu.
This species was probably restricted to lowland areas and died out following the colonization by the first Polynesian settlers. [1]
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References:
[1] H. F. James; S. L. Olson: A giant new species of Nukupuu (Fringillidae: Drepanidini: Hemignathus) from the Island of Hawaii. Auk 120: 970-981. 2003
Remy’s Scurvy Grass or Remy’s Pepperweed was described in 1890, it was endemic to the island of Hawai’i, the largest of the Hawaiian Islands, were it apparently was only ever known from a single site somewhere on the slopes of the Hualalai volcano. It was collected sometimes between 1851 and 1855, another collection from the year 1949 is thought to possibly also represent this species.
The species was given the status of a variety of Lepidium bidentatum Montin in 1969, and the photo below shows a variety of that species that is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands, the Hawaiian Scurvy Grass (Lepidium bidentatum var. o-waihiense (Cham. & Schltdl.) Fosberg).
Remy’s Scurvy Grass might have been nothing but a extreme form of another Hawaiian Scurvy Grass species, or it might have been an extremely rare endemic species, whatever case, it is now most likely extinct.
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[1] F. R. Fosberg: Miscellaneous notes on Hawaiian plants – 5. Bishops Museum Occasional Papers 24(2): 1-24. 1869
The Kioea was the largest of the pseudo-honeyeaters (Mohoidae) that were endemic to the Hawaiian Islands, this species is – at least historically – known only from the biggest island, Hawai’i itself. It might formerly have been more widely distributed since subfossil remains that probably can be assigned to this species have been found on Maui.
The species reached a size of 32 cm, it was more or less olive-green colored with most of the feathers being decorated with a light tip which gave the bird a heaviliy spotted apearance.
The Kioea was a nectar-feeding species and was described as having been a quite aggresive bird commonly chasing away other nectar-feeding bird species from its preferred flowers.
The species was last seen in 1859.
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Depiction from: ‘W. Rothschild: The Avifauna of Laysan and the neighbouring islands with a complete history to date of the birds of the Hawaiian possession. 1893-1900’
This species was described in 1895, it was endemic to the island of Hawai’i, Hawaiian Islands.
The species was arboreal and was commonly found on the endemic Hawaiian ‘ahakea (Bobea elatior Gaudich.), and sometimes also on kawa’u (Ilex anomala Hook. & Arn.), ‘ohi’a lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha Gaudich.), and kolea lau nui (Myrsine lessertiana A. DC.).
***
The author of the species also gave a description of the live animal.:
“Animal in motion longer than the shell. Mantle black, margined with gray. Foot above and below gray, the superior portions lightly granulated. Tentacles light gray.”
***
Horner’s Partulina Snail was last seen in 1992, when it was restricted to two populations in the Hamakua- and Kohala districts respectively. [1]
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References
[1] Michael G. Hadfield; Lisa J. Hadway: Conservation status of tree snail species in the genus Partulina (Achatinellinae) on the Island of Hawai’i: a modern and historical perspective. Pacific Science 53(1): 1-14. 1999
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Depiction from: ‘G. W. Tryon; H. A. Pilsbry; a.o.: Manual of Conchology. Second series: Pulmonata, Vol. 22: Achatinellidae. 1912-1914’
Western Hawaiian Crake (Zapornia sandwichensis ssp. sandwichensis)
The Hawaii Crake or Hawaiian Rail is the only of the extinct rails from the Hawaiian main islands, that is known to have survived into historical times.
The species inhabited open, grassy areas and behaved somewhat like a small mammal, running through the vegetation in search for food.
The Hawaiians called the bird moho.
***The last specimen dates from the year 1864, since then no one has aver seen a Hawaiian Crake again.
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Depiction from: ‘Scott B. Wilson; A. H. Wilson; Frederick William Frohawk; Hans Gadow: Aves Hawaiienses: the birds of the Sandwich Islands. London: R. H. Porter 1890-1899’
This form was described in 1917; it is known from (sub)fossil remains that were recovered from deposits of the Huehue (flow?) on the north-western slopes of the Hualālai Volcano in northern Kona on the island of Hawai’i, Hawaiian Islands.
The shells reach average sizes of 1,8 cm in heigth.
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References:
[1] C. Montague Cooke: Some new species of Amastra. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 3(3): 1-34. 1917
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Photo from: ‘C. Montague Cooke: Some new species of Amastra. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 3(3): 1-34. 1917’
The White-lined Leaf-roller was described in 1899, the species is known only from the type specimen which had been collected somewhere in the Ola’a rainforest on the island of Hawai’i, Hawaiian Islands.
The species reached a winspan of about 3,8 cm. The under surfaces of the wings were strongly marked, much like the dorsum, the white scaling on the veins and the white apical lines between the veins are characteristic. [1]
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References:
[1] Elwood C. Zimmerman: Insects of Hawaii 8; Lepidoptera: Pyralidae. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu 1958
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Depiction from: ‘Fauna Hawaiiensis; being the land-fauna of the Hawaiian islands. by various authors, 1899-1913. Cambridge [Eng.]: The University Press 1913’
This species was described in 1900, it was endemic to the Hamakua- and Kohala districts of Hawai’i, Hawaiian Islands.
The species was arboreal and was found on several native shrubs like the ilima (Sida fallax Walp.), and trees including the olopua (Nestegis sandwichensis ((A. Gray) O. Deg., I. Deg. & L. A. S. Johnson) and the mamane (Sophora chrysophylla (Salisb.) Seem.). [1][2]
The shells are quite large, reaching sizes of about 2,6 to nearly 2,8 cm.
***
One of several reasons for the extinction of this and other endemic Hawaiian snail species is the collection of their shells.:
“In the late 1800s and early 1900s, landsnail collecting was a popular pastime on the Hawaiian Islands … Henshaw … referred to a colony of Partulina confusa on the Waimea Plains that had an estimated population size of 75,000 and where he and other collectors collected 10,000 shells in just 3 months …. The collections at the Bishop Museum also provide evidence for the shell-collecting pressure that was put on these snails on Hawai’i Island. There are 2827 shells of Partulina ssp. from Hawai’i Island in the collection, over half of them (1655) being shells of P. confusa, a species that now seems to be extinct.” [2]
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References:
[1] Michael G. Hadfield; Stephen E. Miller: Demographic Studies on Hawaii’s Endangered Tree Snails: Partulina proxima. Pacific Science 43(1): 1-16. 1989 [2] Michael G. Hadfield; Lisa J. Hadway: Conservation status of tree snail species in the genus Partulina (Achatinellinae) on the Island of Hawai’i: a modern and historical perspective. Pacific Science 53(1): 1-14. 1999
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Depiction from: ‘G. W. Tryon; H. A. Pilsbry; a.o.: Manual of Conchology. Second series: Pulmonata, Vol. 22: Achatinellidae. 1912-1914’
Hawaiian Small-flowered Phyllostegia (Phyllostegia parviflora var. glabriuscula)
The Hawaiian Small-flowered Phyllostegia was described in 1862, it was apparently restricted to a small area on private land on the slopes of Mauna Kea on the island of Hawai’i, Hawaiian Islands.
The form was last recorded in the late 1800s and is now considered extinct.
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References:
[1] Warren L. Wagner: Nomenclator and review of Phyllostegia (Lamiaceae). Novon 9(2): 265-279. 1999
This species was described in 1906; it is apparently known only from subfossil specimens that were recovered from Holocene deposits in Mana in the Hāmākua District near the north-eastern coast of the island of Hawai’i, Hawaiian Islands.
The shells reach sizes of about 1,4 cm in height.
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Depiction from: ‘George W. Tryon; Henry A. Pilsbry; a. o.: Manual of Conchology. Second series: Pulmonata. Vol 21: Achatinellidae (Amastrinae). 1911’
This species has not been described so far, it is known from at least a partial associated skeleton found in a cave named Owl Cave on the island of Hawai’i in the Hawaiian Islands. [1]
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References:
[1] Helen F. James: The osteology and phylogeny of the Hawaiian finch radiation (Fringillidae: Drepanidini), including extinct taxa. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 141: 207-255. 2004
The subfossil remains of this form were recovered from the lava tubes at the Pu’u Wa’awa’a cinder cone in the northern Kona district, Hawai’i.
This species was characterized by its long slender bill adapted for probing. [1]
***
The Slender-billed Crow was very likely a distinct species, closely related to – but not identical with the likewise extirpated Robust Crow (Corvus viriosus Olson & James).
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References:
[1] Jon G. Griffin: Pu’u Wa’awa’a Biological Assessment. Pu’u Wa’awa’a, North Kona, Hawaii 2003 [2] Susan Culliney; Liba Pechar; Richard Switzer; Viviana Ruiz-Gutierrez: Seed dispersal by a captive corvid: the role of the ‘Alala (Corvus hawaiiensis) in shaping Hawai’i’s plant communities. Ecological Applications 22(6): 1718-1732. 2012
This very unique crow species, which still has not been described, is known from subfossil remains that were recovered from the lava tubes at the Pu’u Wa’awa’a cinder cone in the northern Kona district, Hawai’i.
The Woodpecker-like Crow was characterized by its skull and beak modified for hammering on hard surfaces, probably very much like a woodpecker.
The species inhabited lowland areas and obviously disappeared shortly after the arrival of the first Polynesian settlers. [1]
***
The only crow species surviving in the whole Polynesian region today is the Hawaiian Crow or ‘alala (Corvus hawaiiensis Peale), which, however, is extinct in the wild. It is now bred in captivity, but unfortunately all efforts to translocate captive-bred birds into the wild have failed so far.
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References:
[1] Jon G. Griffin: Pu’u Wa’awa’a Biological Assessment; Pu’u Wa’awa’a, North Kona, Hawaii 2003 [2] Susan Culliney; Liba Pechar; Richard Switzer; Viviana Ruiz-Gutierrez: Seed dispersal by a captive corvid: the role of the ‘Alala (Corvus hawaiiensis) in shaping Hawai’i’s plant communities. Ecological Applications 22(6): 1718-1732. 2012
The Hawaiian capsule owl was found on the islands of Hawai’i, Lana’i, Maui, Moloka’i and O’ahu and is considered extinct, the reasons for this are not known (to me).
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References:
[1] D. F Hardwick: The corn earworm complex. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 40: 1-247. 1965
The Reddish Lymnaea Snail was described in 1841; the species was originally found on all of the Hawaiian main islands where it mainly inhabited streams but was also found in pools or on the wet rocky surfaces below waterfalls. Its biology is not well-known, but it probably fed on algae.
The shells of this species are dextral, they reach heights of up to 1,3 cm.
The Reddish Lymnaea Snail is now extinct.
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References:
[1] Carl C. Christensen: Type species designation for Pelagolimnaea Germain, 1928, and a correction regarding the type species of Pseudisidora Thile, 1931 (Gastropoda: Basommatophora: Lymnaeidae). Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2014. Part I: edited by Neal L. Evenhuis & Scott E. Miller. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 116: 53–56. 2015
The Ou was described in 1789; it was already mentioned in an enumeration of birds found on the island of Hawai’i during Cook’s last voyage.
Originally, the species inhabited all of the Hawaiian main islands where it originally was very common and widespread, the birds undertook wide wanderings, likely even between islands, to exploit seasonally available food resources. They generally fed on fruits, mainly of the native ‘ie’ie (Freycinetia arborea Gaudich.) but they also fed upon insects
The species reached a size of about 17 cm; it showed a marked sexual dimorphism; both sexes were generally olive-green, had pink legs and feet and beaks, but the males had a bright yellow head.
The Hawaiian name of the bird was ‘ō’ū. [1]
***
The last populations of the Ou survived on the islands of Hawai’i, where they were last seen in 1987 in the Ōla’a area and on Kaua’i, where they finally were last seen in 1989 on the Alaka’i plateau; no real efforts had been undertaken to save the last populations. [1]
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References:
[1] H. Douglas Pratt: The Hawaiian Honeycreepers: Drepanidinae. Oxford Univ. Pr. 2005
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Depiction from: ‘Scott B. Wilson; A. H. Wilson; Frederick William Frohawk; Hans Gadow: Aves Hawaiienses: the birds of the Sandwich Islands. London: R. H. Porter 1890-1899’
The Lovegrass Owlet Moth, which was described in 1899, occurred on the islands of Kaua’i and O’ahu, where it inhabited areas at higher elevations, the species probably also occurred on Hawai’i and Maui.
The quite variable colored species reached a wingspan of about 3 cm.
The caterpillars fed on several grass species from the genera Eragrostis, among them Eragrostis fosbergii Whitney, Eragrostis grandis Hillebr., and Eragrostis variabilis (Gaudich.) Steud.. [1]
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References:
[1] E. C. Zimmerman: Insects of Hawaii 7, Macrolepidoptera. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu 1958
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Depiction from: ‘Fauna Hawaiiensis; being the land-fauna of the Hawaiian Islands. by various authors, 1899-1913. Cambridge [Eng.]: The University Press 1913’
The Hawaiian Spur-winged Long-legged Fly was described in 1974, it is known only from the type specimens that had been collected in 1972 and 1973.
The species reached a body length of about 0,15 cm, the highly reduced wings were spur-like and only about 0,11 cm long.
The Hawaiian Spur-winged Long-legged Fly inhabited several kipuka [a vegetated ‘island’ on an otherwise barren lava flow] along the Saddle Road on the Mauna Loa lava flows on Big Island, Hawaiian Islands.
The species was never found since the type collection was made and is very likely extinct, the reasons may be found in the presence of feral pigs, which root in soft earth and disturb the forest floor leaf litter, thus may have had an adverse effect on the populations of this and other insect species. [1]
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References:
[1] Neal L. Evenhuis: Review of flightless Dolichopodidae (Diptera) in the Hawaiian Islands. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 53: 1-29. 1997
The Defunct Leptachatina Snail, described in 1910, is apparently known only based on (sub)fossil shells which were found at a place named Mana, probably in the northeastern part of Hawai’i, Hawaiian Islands.
The species appears to have been rather variable, its shells reached sizes of about 0,9 cm in length. [1]
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References:
[1] George W. Tryon; Henry A. Pilsbry; a.o.: Manual of Conchology. Second series: Pulmonata. Vol 21: Achatinellidae (Amastrinae). 1911’
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Depiction from: ‘George W. Tryon; Henry A. Pilsbry; a.o.: Manual of Conchology. Second series: Pulmonata. Vol 21: Achatinellidae (Amastrinae). 1911’
